| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Jewelry Wood knots used to make labrets worn by women of high social rank. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Tools Wood used to make digging sticks. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Tools Wood used to make mallets. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction or infusion of bark, from inside of a crevice, taken for rheumatic fever. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Dermatological Aid Gum & deer grease used on fur seal hunters faces to prevent skin from cracking & peeling in the sun. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Dermatological Aid Gum and deer grease used for healing sores on the face. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch and deer fat used as salve to prevent and soothe sunburn. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch and deer fat used on faces to heal abrasions cause by rubbing on hunting camouflage. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed needles used for burns. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Eye Medicine Boughs used by girls, at puberty ceremony, to prevent eye disease to herself and future children. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Other Decoction or infusion of bark, from inside of a crevice, taken for phlebitis. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction or infusion of bark, from inside of a crevice, taken for tuberculosis and rheumatic fever. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Dye, Red-Brown Bark, especially from the inside of a crevice, used as a reddish-brown dye. Bark was used to dye the rope used in halibut fishing to make it invisible to the fish. Canoes were often painted with a solution of this bark in water. This stain was made by steeping the bark in water for many days, until the liquid was bright red. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Boughs used as a mattress when camping. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Food, Candy Pitch, from the outside of a crevice, chewed like gum. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Other, Ceremonial Items Boughs used by girls at puberty for rubbing ceremony. Girls at puberty were brushed on the arms and face with boughs, which were bundled together with soft, fern fronds. The bundle was fist-sized, with needled hemlock twigs sticking out from both ends. Before the rubbing ceremony began, the girl would go down to the edge of the water at sunrise and, four separate times, would dip the branches in the water, suck the water from the branches, then blow it out in a fine spray. At the same time, she would dip her face in the water with her eyes open, four times, each time lifting her head and spraying out the water. This was said to prevent eye disease to herself and future children. All bundles used for this purpose were subsequently deposited in a special place. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Entire trees anchored upside down under the water to collect herring spawn. At herring spawning time, in spring, entire hemlock trees were cut and anchored upside down under the water. The spawn stuck on the branches. The branches were then broken off and the spawn peeled away and eaten fresh, usually after steam-cooking. If for later use, the branches were hung outside to be wind dried. When one wanted to eat some, he would soak the branches and rub them to remove the spawn. While being cooked, the eggs would swell and float to the surface and could be scooped off and eaten. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Hemlock & fern bundles rubbed on hunters' face & arms to prevent sea mammals from noticing them. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hoh Drug, Emetic Bark used as an emetic. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hoh Other, Hide Preparation Bark used for tanning hides. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kitasoo Food, Dried Food Inner bark boiled and dried for storage. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kitasoo Food, Unspecified Inner bark soaked in oolichan grease, drained, cooked and eaten with sugar. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kitasoo Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Boughs submerged in herring spawning areas to collect the roe. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 318 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Klallam Drug, Antihemorrhagic Compound infusion of bark taken for hemorrhage. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Klallam Drug, Dietary Aid Infusion of plant tips taken to stimulate appetite. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Klallam Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of plant tips taken for tuberculosis. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Klallam Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled and used as a red-brown dye. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Klallam Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Saplings used as stanchions of fish traps strung across a stream. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Klallam Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Twigs laid in rivers and used to collect herring eggs. Gunther, Erna, 1927, Klallam Ethnography, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 202 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Antidiarrheal Compound decoction of plants or bark taken for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 264 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Burn Dressing Cold infusion of scraped, pounded bark applied to burns. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Cold infusion of scraped, pounded bark applied to sores. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Moxa of twigs used to cauterize warts and moles. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of boughs used as a wash for upper lids of inflamed eyes. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Gynecological Aid Hemlock used as wash & tree tips prayed to by pregnant women to aid delivery. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl Drug, Hunting Medicine Branches rubbed on hunters and fishermen to purify them. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Ceremonial Items Wood used to carve masks. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to carve dishes and spoons. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Musical Instrument Wood used to carve rattles. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakwaka'wakw Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant considered to have special powers to purify and cure. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakwaka'wakw Fiber, Building Material Boughs made into huts and used to house girls following their first menstruation. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakwaka'wakw Fiber, Building Material Boughs made into special shelters for hunters, fishers, shamans and their initiates. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Kwakwaka'wakw Other, Protection Four rings of boughs used to negate the effects of evil spirits. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 71 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Lummi Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Young trees used as poles for large dip nets. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch used as a sunburn preventative and rubbed on hair to remove lice. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch used to prevent sunburn. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of bark applied to obstinate sores. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Drug, Hemostat Poultice of plant applied to bleeding wounds. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Drug, Internal Medicine Decoction of plant taken for internal injury. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Dye, Red-Brown Inner bark pounded, boiled and used as a red-brown dye. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |